Amphithéâtre Marguerite de Navarre, Site Marcelin Berthelot
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Abstract

An analysis of transvestism and transidentity in Le Roman de Silence and other literary texts from the 13th and 14th centuries, as well as the few examples of gender reassignment in medieval hagiography, suggests that in Christian anthropology, gender appears less as an attribute of sexual identity to which one is assigned at birth, than as a capacity for action and relationship. It is from this perspective that we propose to re-examine the case of Joan of Arc, who in the XV century was " neither saint nor transgender " (Clovis Maillet), but embodied, among other figures, the possibility - albeit a minority - for women to conduct themselves virilely on the battlefield. Between peacemaker and virago , the feminization of the warrior's role went hand in hand with the promotion of the notion of just war, from Matilda of Tuscany to the strong women of the Wars of Religion. So, before the standardization of military masculinity at the end of the modern era, we can think of the diversity of warrior virility.

Contents

  • " Tu seras un homme, ma fille " :Nature and Noretur at the bedside of the knight Silence (Peggy MacCracken, Peggy, " "The boy who was a girl": reading gender in the Roman de Silence ", The Romanic Review, 85, 1994)
  • Fendre ses dras, braies calcier : fentes, feintes et fraudes (Florence Bouchet, "  L'écriture androgyne : le travestissement dans le Roman de Silence ", in Le nu et le vêtu au Moyen Âge, XIIe-XIIIe siècles, Aix-en-Provence (Senefiance, 47), 2001)
  • Le père, ou Dieu le Père, gardien du passing médiéval :Yde et Olive et Tristan le Nanteuil (Michèle Perret, " Travesties et transsexuelles : Yde, Silence, Grisandole, Blanchandine ", Romance Notes, 1984-1985)
  • Penser la transidentité au Moyen Âge : la fabrique du masculin comme élargissement de la capacité d'action (Clovis Maillet, Les Genres fluides. De Jeanne d'Arc aux saintes trans, Paros, 2021)
  • Genus masculinum in femininum transivit : Hildegonde/Joseph
  • The Eugène/Eugénie case :" You're right to call yourself Eugène because you acted like a man "
  • Why did Joan of Arc dress like a man ?" Jeanne replied that it was by her own will, without any constraint, and that this habit pleased her more than that of a woman "
  • " Woman, but virgin " : gender test or virginity test ?
  • More of a whore than a witch : the drawing by the clerk Clément de Fauquemberguer (Claude Gauvard, Jeanne d'Arc. Héroïne diffamée et martyre, Paris, 2025)
  • " Jeanne was neither a saint nor transgender " (Clovis Maillet)
  • Clémence de Rabstens, Marie Robine and others : Jeanne is not alone as an inspired woman (André Vauchez, Les Laïcs au Moyen Âge. Pratiques et expériences religieuses, Paris, 1987)
  • Claude des Armoises, Marie la Ferrone and others : Jeanne was not alone as a war leader either (Colette Beaune, Jeanne d'Arc, Paris, 2024)
  • Guillaume le Berger, or what we could accept from Jeanne
  • The virtus of virile men and women : measure and maturity
  • " Turn back, if you are a man " (Chris Fletcher, Richard II: Manhood, Youth, and Politics, 1377-99, Oxford, 2008)
  • In cities too, " the public spectacle of manhood " (Jean-Dominique Delle Luche, Des amitiés ciblées. Concours de tir et diplomatie urbaine dans le Saint-Empire, XVe-XVIe siècle, Turnhout, 2021)
  • Making love, making peace, making war
  • " Salut à toi, la plus virile de toutes les femmes ! " : Lysistrata, from sex strike to sex war (Aristophanes, 411 BC)
  • In the 15th century, " treaties of peace and abstinence from war " (Lucie Jardot in Sophie Lalanne, Didier Lett and Dominique Picco eds, Une histoire des femmes en Europe : des grottes aux Lumières, Paris, 2024)
  • " Dame paix " : la construction du genre féminin pacificateur (Nicolas Offenstadt, Faire la paix au Moyen Âge. Discours et gestes de paix pendant la Guerre de Cent ans, Paris, 2007)
  • Sharing roles in the emotional politics of princely couples : restrained anger and the shedding of tears
  • Peacemakers, messengers, spies (Jelle Haemers and Lisa Demets, " Spies and messengers at war in the Middle Ages. Intelligence practices during the Flanders Revolt (1488-1489) ", Clio, 59-1, 2024)
  • At Birka, the Viking warrior was a female warrior (Neil Price, Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson et alii, " Viking Warrior Women? Reassessing Birka Chamber grave Bj.581 ", Antiquity, 93, 2019)
  • " Amid conjugal caresses " (Orderic Vital) : crusader and crusader women
  • Mathilde de Toscane, virago catholica (Sophie Cassagnes-Brouquet, " Au service de la guerre juste. Mathilde de Toscane (XIe-XIIe siècle) ",Clio, 39, 2014)
  • If heroes came back to earth, they'd be amazed : Eustache Deschamps and the new faces of warfare
  • Brutalization of combat and chivalricrevival
  • La plainte politique de l'amante abandonnée (Florence Alazard, Le Lamento dans l'Italie de la Renaissance. "Pleure, belle Italie, jardin du monde", Rennes, 2010)
  • Sur les remparts et aux combats : femmes fortes et femmes viriles au XVIe siècle (Véronique Garrigues, " Les "femmes viriles". Un genre de transgression pendant les guerres de Religion ? " In Laurent Douzou, Sylvène Édouard and Stéphane Gal eds, Guerre et transgressions. Expériences transgressives en temps de guerre de l'Antiquité au génocide rwandais, Grenoble, 2018)
  • Des communautés mixtes de campagne à l'encasernement du XVIIe siècle (John A. Lynn, Women, Armies and Warfare in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 2008)
  • Au temps de Fanfan la Tulipe (Hervé Drévillon, " Des virilités guerrières à la masculinité militaire (France, XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles) " in Anne-Marie Sohn dir., Une histoire sans les hommes est-elle possible ?, Lyon, 2014).