Terms of use

Corporate name of the establishment publishing the site
Collège de France
11, place Marcelin Berthelot
75005 Paris Cedex
Tel.: 01 44 27 12 11
Publisher
This is the official website of the Collège de France.
Publishing Director
Thomas Römer, Administrator of the Collège de France
Site host
Collège de France

Any use or exploitation for commercial or promotional purposes is prohibited.

This site is protected by the law of July^1, 1998, on the legal protection of databases and all its elements, such as texts, logos, audio and video recordings, graphics, images and photos, which are the exclusive property of the authors and Collège de France.
In accordance with the provisions of article L.122-5 paragraph 2 of the French Intellectual Property Code, only copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use are authorized.

Audio and video recordings available on this portal may be downloaded and used for private purposes only. Any request for authorization for any use whatsoever must first be addressed to the publication director via the webmaster.

The site is optimized for Chrome and Firefox browsers. With the exception of minor differences in rendering, it is also compatible with Safari, Edge and Opera.

We cannot guarantee access to information and rendering for older versions of the above browsers.

Minimum supported versions

• Chrome 108
• Edge 108
• Firefox 110
• Opera 94
• Safari 15.6

For optimal viewing, we recommend that you update or download the latest version of your browser.

The site is hosted on the Collège de France server, except for videos, which are hosted on a third-party platform (YouTube). Youtube content is inserted in its "cookie-free" version.

Pages consulted on our site are tracked for statistical purposes using the Matomo open source tool, which is hosted on our servers and scrupulously complies with the General Data Protection Regulation. Your IP address is anonymized.

These features make it possible to offer Internet users cookie-free browsing, for maximum respect of your personal data.

Collège de France also undertakes to ensure that any collection and processing of your data complies with the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD) and the French Data Protection Act (Loi Informatique et Libertés).

In accordance with the French Data Protection Act of January 6, 1978 ( loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 modifiée relative à l'informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés), you have the right to access, rectify, modify and delete any data concerning you. You can exercise this right by writing to our Data Protection Officer.

In the event of non-compliance relating to the processing of your data, you may lodge a complaint with the supervisory authority, the CNIL, 3, Place de Fontenoy TSA 80715 75334 PARIS Cedex 07.

The establishment of hypertext links by third parties is authorized provided that the links do not contravene the preceding provisions, copyright legislation or the interests of the Collège de France, and that they guarantee the possibility for the user to identify the origin and author, particularly in the case of deep hypertext links, framing or insertion by links.

These links must open in a new window.
The links set up within the framework of this site may not be considered as a recommendation, endorsement or solicitation. The Collège de France declines all responsibility for the content of these sites and the use that may be made of them.

Collège de France is not responsible for the information provided. The Collège de France cannot be held responsible for the content of the information on this site or for the consequences that may result from its use or interpretation. Please report any errors or omissions to the Web and Multimedia Department.

The scientific documents published on this site are valid at the date of publication and do not bind their authors.

The personal information contained on this server is for consultation only, and may not be modified or used, in particular to enrich databases, for commercial or advertising purposes, or with the intention of causing harm.

Offenders may be subject to penal sanctions in accordance with the provisions of the French penal code (articles 226-16 to 226-24, "Infringements of personal rights resulting from computer files or processing" and articles 323-1 to 323-7, "Infringements of automated data processing systems").

The official language of this site is French. The texts and menus on this site are translated into other languages to make them more accessible to a wider public. In such cases, the French version should be considered as the reference version.