Abstract
Relations between indigenous peoples and European colonizers have been imbued with a multi-faceted violence that has developed over the centuries through the imposition of a single worldview, a single language and a single notion of territory. This history has resulted in a concept of nation based on the exclusion of the different, who must be integrated into the dominant society. The reduction of Amerindian peoples in the course of conquest and evangelization led to a reduction in linguistic diversity and a relative standardization of languages. Even today, indigenous languages are in danger of disappearing under the combined pressures of the domination of the national language, socio-economic and political control, and lack of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Education, which could be a vehicle for stimulating language learning in indigenous languages, does not always achieve its objectives. What does transmission and learning mean for Amerindian peoples ? The object of linguistic and cultural transmission needs to be redefined by indigenous peoples. Can alphabetic, audiovisual or artistic writing help transmit knowledge ? How does it relate to orality and the various forms of cultural expression ? The specific features of indigenous languages need to be preserved as resources for learning about relationships with the living and the land.