Abstract
In the inter-warperiod,the universalist legacy of theEnlightenmentwas not confined to the colonialist discourse advocatingEurope's civilizing mission.It was used in other ways, from a European perspective, to defend democracy,oppose fascist regimes and promote the overcoming of nationalism. Today, we followJulien Benda, author of La Trahison des clercs (1927), who was a staunch defender ofEnlightenment rationalism, not only against the nationalist right of his time, but also against all forms ofmodernliterature andart." Réactionnaire de gauche ", asAntoine Compagnon puts it,this anti-modernist was a pillar of the NRF, an anti-fascist activist and a supporter of the Front Populaire. Based on his preface to Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique (1936) and his Adresse à la nation européenne (1933), we can seek to understanda specific current ofinterpretation of theEnlightenmentand its universalist language,expressed in avery specificcontext, that of the years 1930, but which has had repercussions right up to the present day.