Among fossil hominins, Neanderthals are the best known for their anatomy, thanks to relatively abundant paleontological material and numerous studies. The main characteristics of Neanderthals are acquired early in development, indicating that they are at least partly determined by the genome. Body proportions are similar to those of Arctic hunters, reflecting at least in part a biological adaptation to thermal stress. Certain features of the nasal cavity could also represent a response to the inhalation of cold air, but also to a high level of physical activity.
In metabolic terms, the high body mass of adults required a high daily caloric intake, particularly during glacial phases and in the probable absence of elaborate clothing. For a long time, Neanderthal diets were considered to be hypercarnate, and animal fats were highly sought-after. However, analyses of dental tartar and micro-wear on tooth enamel also point to the consumption of plants.
The modalities of individual development remain poorly understood. Certain clues, notably provided by the study of dental microstructures, suggest a more rapid development than that of present-day humans. However, the constraints imposed by the energy demands of a large brain imply strong similarities with those of modern man.
