News

Majorities, symposium May 13-14, 2009, organized by Jon Elster

Conference organized by the Rationality and Social Sciences Chair, Collège de France, with the support of the Fondation Hugot du Collège de France.

May 13 and 14, 2009

  • Collège de France – Site Ulm
    Salle des conférences
    3 rue d’Ulm
    75005 Paris

A two-day colloquium on the notion of majority will be held at the Collège de France on May 13 and 14, 2009. They are organized by Professor Jon Elster and Stéphanie Novak as part of the Rationality and Social Sciences Chair. The aim of the symposium is to study the majority in all its sociological, anthropological, historical, political, philosophical and psychological aspects. It will also consider a wide variety of types of decisions, including committee decisions, assembly votes, elections and referendums. Indeed, contemporary research has focused on the formal issues raised by the aggregation of votes, such as the jury theorem and voting paradox formulated by Condorcet. Although this aspect remains essential, a broader perspective may prove fruitful.

We will distinguish between the principle of majority and its implementation.
When majority is considered as a principle, the question arises of the legitimacy and justification of majority decisions. We will therefore explore the origins and history of this principle, and in particular the relationship between sanior pars and major pars. We will also compare the principle of majority with those of drawing lots, qualified majority and unanimity. We will look at the principle of absolute majority as opposed to simple majority on the one hand, and relative majority on the other. With regard to the latter, we will review the various formal and informal rules used when no candidate receives more than half the votes. We will consider the rules establishing quorum, their justification and their importance. Another issue raised will be that of double majority systems in federations (or the European Union), where sometimes a majority is required at both individual and member state level. Finally, we'll look at the curious fact that the minority is subject to the will of the majority even when the result of the vote is 51 % of the votes against 49 %. Insofar as this fact can be explained by the expectation of a change in power, we will address the problem of permanent minorities and their protection by constitutional constraints.

We will consider the implementation of the majority principle, asking how "technical" voting procedures can affect the content of decisions.
In particular, the following issues will be addressed:

  • What are the consequences depending on whether the vote is taken by comparing the strength of the cries of rival camps (as in Sparta), by sitting and standing, by show of hands, by acclamation, by roll call or by the establishment of a majority by the chairman of the assembly or committee?
  • Is the vote public or secret?
  • Do voters vote simultaneously or successively (Bentham)?
  • Is voting necessarily preceded by discussion (Rousseau, Harrington)?
  • In the event of a tie, how are ex aequo options resolved (by drawing lots or awarding a double vote to the chairman)?

The speakers will be : Olivier Beaud, Olivier Christin, Jon Elster, Aanund Hylland, Samuel Issacharoff, Hélène Landemore, Gerry Mackie, Stéphanie Novak, Pasquale Pasquino, Adam Przeworski, Dominique Reynié, Pierre Rosanvallon, Melissa Schwartzberg, Philippe Urfalino, Adrian Vermeule.

Program

Wednesday May 13th

9:00: Introduction by Jon Elster

Justifications of majority rule

9 h 10 : Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School - U.S.A
The Force of Majority Rule
Download the full text

10 h 10 : Gerry Mackie, University of California-San Diego - U.S.A
The Reception of Social Choice Theory by Democratic Theory
Download full text

11:10 a.m.: Break

11:25 a.m.: Dominique Reynié, Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, France
The idea of majority and the impossible mourning of unanimity
Download full text

12:30 p.m.: Break

Majority rule and democracy

2:00 pm: Hélène Landemore, MIT - U.S.A
Majority Principle and the Wisdom of Crowds: the Condorcet Jury Theorem, a failed explanation?
Download full text

3:00 pm: Pasquale Pasquino, CNRS Paris - France, and New York University - U.S.A
Collective Decision-Making in Constitutional Democracies
Download full text

4:00 pm: Break

4:15pm: Samuel Issacharoff, New York University School of Law - U.S.A
Constitutional Courts and the Boundaries of Democracy
Download full text

5:15pm: Melissa Schwartzberg, Columbia University - U.S.A
Democracy, Juries, and Judgment
Download full text

Thursday, May 14th

Implementations of majority rule

9 h 00 : Aanund Hylland, Oslo University - Norge
Implementing majority rule

10 h 00 : Adam Przeworski, New York University - U.S.A
Neutrality, supermajority, and its institutional implementations
Download full text

11:10 a.m.: Break

11:25 : Olivier Christin, Université Lyon II - France
Putting faith to the vote: voting for the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
Download full text

12:30 p.m.: Break

2:00 pm: Pierre Rosanvallon, Collège de France
Consensus and dissensus in French political culture

Majority rule and collective actors

3:00 pm: Jon Elster, Collège de France
Majority voting within and by groups
Download full text

4:00 pm: Break

4:15pm: Stéphanie Novak, Collège de France
Apparent unanimities, real majorities: the EU pooling of sovereignties in practice

5:15pm: Olivier Beaud, Université Paris II Panthéon-Sorbonne - France
Majorities in a federal system: the special case of constituent power
Download full text
Download the full text

Scientific coordination: Stéphanie Novak

Communication and press relations: Françoise Segers