Life then passes through the littoral barrier, and analogies have been established with the extracellular anisosmotic regulation (internal and intracellular environments always have the same osmolarity, whatever that of the external environment) that appeared in crustaceans around 570 Ma. The osmolarity of brackish coastal and estuarine waters is the same as that of blood. Life thus emerges from the ocean in several forms, in different places and at different times, around 450 Ma for elaborate metazoan life. Hydromineral regulation, from isosmotic to anisosmotic, plays a fundamental role in the adaptive capacities of animals. The plasticity of living organisms and their ability to react would later enable them to return to the oceanic environment, as in cetaceans around 52 Ma.
Since 570 Ma, there have been around sixty major crises, with five dominant ones, the most intense between Permian and Triassic at around 252 Ma. All are multifactorial, and are highly relevant to study in an attempt to clarify the modalities of the current situation.
Hominids emerged around 3 Ma and began to have a major impact on their environment after the domestication of fire around 800,000 years ago, followed by sedentarization in the Neolithic period during post-glacial global warming around 18-12,000 years ago. Sedentarization followed an acceleration in demographics, laying the foundations for agriculture. The nomadic hunter-gatherer became a sedentary farmer, based on a few plants chosen from the "wild" and gradually "domesticated" and transplanted everywhere (5 of them today account for over 50% of consumption!). At the very beginning, species of interest were mixed in with "wild" plants, and then selected and transformed, along with cultivars, in the 19thcentury . After the 16thcentury , contributions from the New World (tomatoes, potatoes, maize, beans, zucchinis, strawberries, etc.) were added to the first selected species (wheat, rice, barley, rye, etc.). Learning to grow crops will follow an east-west axis in the old world, north-south in the new.
