The idea that the individual was susceptible to cultivation also drew the attention of XVIIIᵉcentury writersto the problem of defining the individual, and to the question of his ability to reinvent himself. In this lecture, I will examine from this angle the twobest-known examples, in the XVIIIᵉcentury, of reinvention of the "moi" : those of Benjamin Franklin and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In passing, I'd like to point out the strange similarities between these twomen. Both, born in Calvinist towns, ran away as teenagers, led itinerant lives, changed careers several times, enjoined their readers to follow a certain way of life, and, finally, wrote the first great modern autobiographies.