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Abstract Crystalline silicon photovoltaic technology has seen its cost reduced by over 99% since 1976 (from >$70/Wp to less than $0.21/Wp in 2020 according to ITRPV). Strangely enough, between 1989 and 1994, solar cells with conversion efficiencies of …

Crystalline silicon technology currently accounts for almost 95% of the global photovoltaic market (143 GW by 2020). It is based on the use of silicon wafers (150 to 200 microns), cut from large ingots which then undergo various processing stages …

Abstract There are not one, but two stories to tell about the development of constitutional ideas in Europe: one for Eastern Europe and one for Western Europe. From the Enlightenment onwards, the West of the continent, particularly France, saw itself as …

Abstract At the beginning of the 6th  century B.C., the Athenian Solon sang an elegy in which eunomia is central, and unlike Tyrteus' poem on this theme, the work has been preserved. This lesson analyzes this poetic piece systematically, highlighting the …

Abstract If maps of the sky observed at different wavelengths are available , it is possible to combine them to reveal the "  cosmological microwave background  ": a snapshot of the primordial Universe. This operation is an example of " component …

Abstract In his paper on the mathematical theory of communication, Shannon defines entropy as a measure of uncertainty, which is the descriptive complexity of a random variable. This notion corresponds to entropy in statistical physics, which is at the …

Abstract How do you reconstruct a lost play ? Genetic criticism has provided the answer in the case of Molière's Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur , first performed in 1664. This play disappeared twice : physically and nominally. In a register recording the …

Abstract Many conceptions of history are based on an original loss, a constitutive flaw in things. It's no coincidence that Saint Augustine, who took advantage of the sack of Rome to preach conversion, was also the most ardent promoter of the idea of …

Continuing the reflection on the consequences of demographic catastrophe on the distribution of fortunes and the level of inequalities, and revisiting the historiography of social mobilization against working conditions and working hours in the second …

Abstract The theory of gamma-ray bursts, whether a hypernova explosion or a neutron star merger, involves a fireball that propagates in very rapid time, emitting high-energy gamma rays. Shock waves and cosmic ray acceleration accompany this fireball. …

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Abstract Gamma-ray bursts are fireballs resulting from the merger of two neutron stars, or a black hole and a neutron star. High-energy particles are emitted along with intense radiation. Documents and media Download …

Emitting CO2 today means creating a flow of climate damage over several decades. What is the value of this flow? How can 50 years of developments in the theory of finance shed light on the problem of "carbon value"? Documents and media Download …

Circulation of concepts in the media and social networks Social networks as a battlefield : attention dynamics and concept circulation in the Twittersphere From politics to discussions on global warming to debates on vaccination, social networks are …

The discovery of the Sumerians of the 3rd millennium began with the excavation of Tello in 1877, but since then the question of the nature of their civilization has never ceased to be raised. We'll see how scholars of the early 2nd millennium B.C. largely …