Born in Nice on April 7, 1900. Died on February 8, 1994.
Education and professional career
- 1919: Licence ès Lettres
- 1930: Agrégation in History and Geography
- 1925-1927: Teacher at Collège de Bône
- 1927-1932: Teacher at Lycée de Tourcoing
- 1932-1934: Teacher, Lycée de Reims
- 1936-1937: Seconded to Lycée de Londres
- 1937-1938: Boursier Lavisse (London)
- Professor at the French Institute in London
- 1938-1947: Teacher at Lycée Carnot, Paris
- 1939-1940: Requested by the French Intendancy mission in London
- Doctorate in Modern History
- 1947-1971: Professor at the Collège de France, chair History of North American Civilization
Awards and distinctions
- 1972: Officer of the Légion d'Honneur