Biography

Born in Nice on April 7, 1900. Died on February 8, 1994.

Education and professional career

  • 1919: Licence ès Lettres
  • 1930: Agrégation in History and Geography
  • 1925-1927: Teacher at Collège de Bône
  • 1927-1932: Teacher at Lycée de Tourcoing
  • 1932-1934: Teacher, Lycée de Reims
  • 1936-1937: Seconded to Lycée de Londres
  • 1937-1938: Boursier Lavisse (London)
  • Professor at the French Institute in London
  • 1938-1947: Teacher at Lycée Carnot, Paris
  • 1939-1940: Requested by the French Intendancy mission in London
  • Doctorate in Modern History
  • 1947-1971: Professor at the Collège de France, chair History of North American Civilization

Awards and distinctions

  • 1972: Officer of the Légion d'Honneur