Born January 27 1931. Died July 13 2022.
Education and professional career
- 1951-1956 : Student at the École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm)
- 1955 : Agrégé in history
- 1956 : Bachelor's degree in Russian (Certificate of Practical Studies)
- 1959-1962 : Boarder at the Fondation Thiers
- 1969 : Doctor of Letters, Sorbonne
- 1956-fin 1958 : Military service (Navy)
- 1962-1963 : Research associate, CNRS
- 1963-1969 : Assistant, then Senior Assistant at the Sorbonne
- 1969-1976 : Professor of contemporary history at the University of Reims
- 1972-1975 : Senior researcher at CNRS
- Since 1976 : Professor of Slavic History at the University of Paris-I (Panthéon-Sorbonne)
- 1993-2001 : Professor at the Collège de France, chair Modern and contemporary history of the Russian world
Visits and study missions abroad
- 1953-1954 : Universities of Kiel and Hamburg (postgraduate diploma)
- January-October 1959 : Study visit to Moscow University (cultural exchange)
- October-December 1960 : Study mission (CNRS) to the Central State Archives in Leningrad
- April-June 1964 : Study mission (CNRS) to the Archives of Ancient Acts, Moscow
- April-June 1968 : Visiting scholar at Columbia University, New York
- May-June 1969 : Mission (CNRS) to Moscow and Leningrad : study of the collections of the museums of the Revolution
- October-December 1976 : Mission (CNRS) to the Leningrad Archives
- December 1980-January 1981 : Mission (CNRS) to Moscow
- December 1985-January 1986 : Study visit to Warsaw Archives
- December 1986-January 1987 : Mission (CNRS) to the Leningrad Archives
- December 1990 : Mission (CNRS) to the Archives of the Revolution in Moscow