Abstract
The first lesson was devoted first to a review of the basic principles of radiofrequency electrical measurements in mesoscopic physics. To perform such a measurement, a probe signal is sent to a sample and a response signal is received. The measurement result is obtained by multiplying the response signal by the waveform of the probe signal. By varying various parameters, such as the amplitude and frequency of the probe signal, as well as the fields and temperature to which the sample is subjected, we reconstruct the information we are seeking to obtain about the sample. But this information is reduced by the noise in the amplification chain of the response signal. Although the amplifier is indispensable for increasing the energy of the response signal above the threshold that enables it to be combined with the probe signal, it necessarily adds noise to the signals.
