Amphithéâtre Marguerite de Navarre, Site Marcelin Berthelot
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The emergence of the figure of theathlete to designate the writer is certainly linked to the new regime of freedom of expression experienced from 1820 onwards, which favors the activity of the press, and gives rise to increased competition between its representatives. If the writer is compared to an athlete, it's because he or she takes part in a struggle that, far from being merely metaphorical, also involves the body. In Victor Hugo's Odes et Ballades (1827), "Le chant de l'arène", "Le chant du cirque" and "Le chant du tournoi" follow one another; in Les Contemplations (1856), he rhymes poet not only with prophet, but also with athlete. The rhyme is found in Alfred de Vigny, Théodore de Banville and Alphonse de Lamartine, who celebrates Lamennais as a poet martyr, an athlete of Christianity, thus rediscovering the religious meaning of the term.

To be a writer and carve out a place for yourself in a competitive literary field, you have to be tough, robust in body, and this robustness has to be transmitted to your style. Three writers in particular seem to unite these two qualities, physical and stylistic: Alexandre Dumas, the "athlete of the feuilleton" whom the Goncourts described as "a kind of giant" who maintained a rigorously healthy lifestyle; Gautier; and above all Balzac, whom Sainte-Beuve - along with Rodin - recognized as having the body of an athlete, and who knew better than most how generously and regularly one must produce in order to survive. His character Lucien de Rubempré, aspiring to a literary career, is less fortunate, endowed only with a puny body that seems the sign of a writer "without heart or talent". The term is much less applied to Hugo, whom only Jules Janin distinguishes in this sense, as the sole survivor of the harsh Romantic battle. Baudelaire, for his part, knows how to express the distance between his body and that of Pierre Dupont, poet of the proletariat, described as a veritable Hercules. However, he sacrifices commonplace in his praise of Edgar Allan Poe, a blend of femininity and robustness, orgy and rigor.