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Abstract I'll start by presenting an overview of how to test models and estimate their parameters. I will then show how these concepts are used to analyze data at different levels of complexity. Finally, I will present applications in astrophysics and …

Abstract Under regularity assumptions, the maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be consistent. Fisher information is defined as the variance of the score, which is the gradient of the log likelihood. It is also shown to be the Hessian of the negative …

Abstract Memoirs, diaries and other forms of autobiographical non-fiction make up the submerged part of interwar literature. French diaries, which fill meters of shelves in many French institutions and libraries, represent a field of research that has …

Abstract Paul Valéry's " Nous autres, civilisations, nous savons maintenant que nous sommes mortelles " is an almost exact echo of Bernard de Cluny's few verses quoted in the previous lesson, if only for the somewhat derisory power accorded to names, …

Abstract Citizenship has two components: membership of the group of citizens (the citizen body) and the rights, duties, and obligations the citizens have towards the community and the state. Each of these components, as well as the connection between …

Do epidemic crises promote social equality? If this idea is resurfacing today, it's thanks to a renewed confidence in historians' ability to handle and compare prices and wages over the long term, in order to identify "small" and "large" divergences, …

Aude Pommeret Aude Pommeret, PhD from Paris I, is Professor of Economics at Savoie-Mont-Blanc University. She previously held positions at HEC Lausanne and the City University of Hong Kong. Her research focuses on the incorporation of uncertainty into …

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts, which sometimes last only a fraction of a second, are the most energetic events in the Universe. Their radiation is continued in the host galaxy by afterglows , at different wavelengths, which help identify their origin, and …

The division of value creation between consumption and investment is determined by expected rates of return, as set by financial markets. In other words, financial markets and the economic agents who interact with them determine the overall level of …

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts can last only a fraction of a second. They are the most energetic events in the Universe. For a long time, they were the most distant stars observed, close to the Big Bang. They make it possible to explore the intergalactic …

Major inventions, such as writing, were attributed to the gods. The history of texts shows both extraordinary continuity and transformations, as illustrated by wisdom literature such as proverbs. Over the course of time, however, we have witnessed the …

Session chaired by : Jean-Baptise Rauzy (Sorbonne University) Abstract In "Aboutness", Yablo writes that "a statement S is partly true insofar as it has wholly true parts". Thus, to be partly true is to have some part that is wholly true . Call this an …

One of the characteristics of genius, as it is often portrayed in commentaries, is that it has no self-knowledge and is incapable of self-explanation. What we know of genius therefore comes, for the most part, from the observations of another who is …

Abstract Today, Edmond Becquerel's name is associated with the discovery, in 1839, of the photovoltaic effect, thanks to the production of an electric current by the action of light on a metal coated with a silver salt immersed in an electrolyte. For his …

From Edmond Becquerel's discovery of the photovoltaic effect in 1839, to the deployment of terrestrial photovoltaics at the beginning of the 21st century, a series of milestones have been reached, the history of which we will analyze in the context of the …