Born July 26, 1935. Died February 19, 2023.
Education and Professional Career
- 1960–1962: Teacher at the high school in Châlons-sur-Marne
- 1962–1965: Teaching assistant at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Saint-Cloud
- 1965–1969: Senior Assistant Professor
- 1962–1965: Research Fellow at the CNRS
- 1973–1974: Lecturer at the University of Paris VII
- 1974–1977: Associate Professor at the University of Paris-VII
- 1978–1989: Professor at the University of Paris-I
- 1985–1989: Professor at the European Institute of Florence
- Since 1989: Director of Studies at EHESS
- Since 1990: Director of the Institute of Modern and Contemporary History
- Since 1998: Professor at the Collège de France
- Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Modern and Contemporary History
- Member of the Scientific Council of the École des Chartes
- Member of the Scientific Council of the University of Paris-I
Awards and Honors
- 1989: Member of the Academia Europea
- 1992: National Grand Prize for History
- 1992: Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters
- 1996: Knight of the Order of Merit
- 2000: Member of the American Academy
- 2001: Grand Prize in History from the City of Paris
- 2001: Pégase Prize
- 2002: Member of the British Academy
- 2005: Honorary Doctorate from the University of Verona
- 2008: Honorary Doctorate from the University of Geneva
- July 2011: Elected as a foreign corresponding member of the Class of Moral Sciences, Section of Philosophical, Pedagogical, and Moral Sciences, of the Institute of Bologna
- May 2013: Laurain-Portemer Prize, Academy of Moral and Political Sciences