Born July 26 1935. Died February 19 2023.
Training and professional career
- 1960-1962 : Teacher at Châlons-sur-Marne high school
- 1962-1965 : Assistant at ENS Saint-Cloud
- 1965-1969 : Senior assistant
- 1962-1965 : CNRS research fellow
- 1973-1974 : Lecturer at Université Paris-VII
- 1974-1977 : Senior lecturer at the University of Paris-VII
- 1978-1989 : Professor, University of Paris-I
- 1985-1989 : Professor, European Institute, Florence
- Since 1989 : Director of Studies, EHESS
- Since 1990 : Director, Institut d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
- Since 1998 : Professor at the Collège de France
- Director of the journalHistoire moderne et contemporaine
- Member of the Scientific Advisory Board, École des Chartes
- Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the University of Paris-I
Awards and distinctions
- 1989 : Member of Academia Europea
- 1992 : Grand prix national d'Histoire
- 1992 : Officier des Arts et Lettres
- 1996 : Chevalier de l'ordre du Mérite
- 2000 : Member of the American Academy
- 2001 : Grand prix d'histoire de la Ville de Paris
- 2001 : Prix Pégase
- 2002 : Member of the British Academy
- 2005 : Honorary doctorate from the University of Verona
- 2008 : Honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva
- July 2011 : Elected Foreign Corresponding Academician of the Class of Moral Sciences, Section of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Moral Sciences of the Institute of Bologna
- May 2013 : Laurain-Portemer Prize, Académie des sciences morales et politiques